Overview
In the Introductory Activity, students work together to gather information from photographs. In the Learning Activities, students explore video segments from Faces of America and discuss how celebrity guests gained new insights into their family history through the help of primary sources. In an optional activity, students learn about the Chinese tradition of preserving family histories and also create a project to record important events in their own lives. Students also examine American Indian Winter Counts and compare how individuals used images to record important events. For the Culminating Activity, students chronicle important events in their week through the use of drawings.
Objectives
Students will be able to:
- Explain what type of information we can learn from photographs
- Draw conclusions about people and places from the past, through exploration of photos
- Explain how people can learn more about their family history through the use of historical records
- Describe how American Indians used drawings to describe important events
- Explain the meaning of at least three Lakota Winter Count drawings
- Describe what a Winter Count is and explain how American Indians used images to describe and record important events
- Create a journal, scrapbook, photo album, website or other project to preserve important events in their own lives. (Optional)
Grade Level:
2-4
Suggested Time:
(2) 45-minute class periods
Media Resources
Yamaguchi Photos Video
Journey from Jamaica Video
Ma Family History Video
Materials:
For the class:
- Computers with internet access for the Winter Count Activity in Learning Activity 2 (Note: This activity can either be conducted with one computer or by dividing students into small groups and using multiple computers.)
- Computer, Projection screen, and speakers (for class viewing of online/downloaded video segments)
- The Past Through Pictures Game (See “Prep for Teachers” section for details.)
For each student:
Web Sites:
For Learning Activity 1:
Lakota Winter Counts Online Exhibit
This online interactive exhibit, on the National Museum of Natural History’s website, enables users to explore traditional Lakota Winter Counts.
Before The Lesson:
Preview all of the video segments used in the lesson. Download the video clips used in the lesson to your classroom computer, or prepare to watch them using your classroom’s Internet connection.
Explore the Lakota Winter Counts Online Exhibit to familiarize yourself with its functionality and content. Bookmark the website on each computer in your classroom. Using a social bookmarking tool such as del.icio.us or diigo (or an online bookmarking utility such as portaportal) will allow you to organize all the links in a central location. (Note: You may conduct the Winter Count activity on one central computer in your classroom or on multiple computers, where students can work together in small groups. Bookmark the website on each computer you plan to use for this activity.)
Print out The Past in Pictures Game, making enough copies so that each pair of students has one of the cards. Note: There are 12 cards per game. Therefore, if you have 24 students or less, you will need one set of game cards. If you have more than 24 students, you will need enough cards so that each group gets one. Feel free to omit some of the cards, as desired. However, if you use one photo in a category (such as “weddings”) make sure to distribute the other photo in that category so that students may compare and contrast the two photos.
The Lesson
Part I: Introductory Activity
- Ask students to brainstorm ways that we could find out about people, places and events that took place a long time ago. Write down their responses on a large sheet of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard. Discuss the responses with the students. During the discussion, explain that we can learn about the past through a variety of ways—by reading history books, letters, diaries, newspaper articles, etc., as well as by visiting places where people lived and worked and/or where important events took place. Explain that we can also learn a lot by looking at photographs and drawings from the past.
- Explain that we are now going to play a game with photographs. Ask students to work in pairs and distribute one photo from The Past Through Pictures Game to each pair. (Note: The same photo can be given to multiple groups.)
- Ask students to look closely at their photos and think about the following:
- What does this photo show? (What type of an event is this? What is happening?)
- Who is in the photo? (Children? Adults?)
- What are they wearing?
- When did this take place? (If there is no date, ask students when they think it took place?)
- Where is this? (In a school? Outside?)
- What other information can you gather from this photo?
- What other questions would you like to ask about this photo?
Tip: Write these questions on a large sheet of paper, whiteboard or chalkboard for students to think about as they look at the photos.
- Once students have had a chance to closely observe their photos, ask each group to find another group that has a different photo which shows a similar type of event. (For example, if their photo is of a birthday party, they should find another group with a different photo of a birthday party.)
- Ask the groups to compare their photos. Ask them to find at least two things that are similar in the two photos and at least two things that are different. (Compare the settings, the clothing, etc.)
- After students have had a chance to compare their photos, ask for volunteers to share their findings with the class.
- Ask students to describe the type of information that they were able to discover from looking at the photographs. (What people looked like, what people wore, etc.) Ask students to share some of the questions that they thought about when observing and comparing the photographs.
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Explain to students that they are now going to watch a video segment from a television show called Faces of America. In this segment, Olympic skating champion Kristi Yamaguchi finds out information about her family by looking at photographs. Explain to your students that Kristi never met her father’s parents. Provide your students with a media focus by asking them to watch the segment and find out three things that Kristi learns by looking at photographs of her grandparents.
- Play Yamaguchi Photos . At the end of the segment, pause the video so that the last image (the image of Kristi’s grandmother and three children) is visible on the screen. Ask your students what information Kristi gathered about her grandparents from the photographs. (Kristi saw that her grandfather was handsome and that he wore a suit; Kristi saw what her grandfather’s farm looked like and also saw her father as a young boy with his siblings and mother. She could see that there weren’t any tall buildings around.) Ask students to discuss other things they see in the photo. Ask the students why Kristi might have wanted to see these pictures. (She had never met her grandparents and the photos were one way for her to learn about them.)
- Explain to students that we can learn valuable information about people from long ago by closely observing photographs. Ask students to think about how people could have shown what places and events looked like before cameras were invented. Explain that before cameras were invented, people often made drawings and paintings to show what things looked like and to tell about important events. American Indians created drawings to describe important events that happened. They created “Winter Counts” which included one drawing each year, describing an important event that took place that year.
- Explain that now you are going to look at some Winter Counts that were created by Lakota people a long time ago. Go to the Lakota Winter Counts: An Online Exhibit on the National Museum of Natural History’s website. Select “view this exhibit.” Skip the introduction and then click on “view winter counts.” Make sure that “Overview” is selected on the top left of the screen (above the dates).
- Show the students that along the left hand side there are names of different Winter Counts and explain that each Winter Count has one drawing per year. Point out that the years are listed above the images. Tell the students that you are now going to look at some of these drawings to see what they can teach us about important things that happened long ago.
- Explain that you are now going to look at some Winter Count images from 1821-1822. Move your cursor over to the “1821-1822” column and then move the cursor down the column to the image from the Lone Dog Winter Count. Click on that image. Read the information listed by “Name of the Year” in the top right corner, as well as the “Collector’s Note.” Then click on “Overview” again and now click on the image for Flame for the same year and read the “Name of Year” and “Collector’s Note” information for that image. Click on “Overview” again and then click on the image for Swan for the same year and read the corresponding information. Ask your students to discuss and compare the three Winter Count images. Repeat the same process of observing and comparing the Flame, Lone Dog and Swan Winter Count images for the following years:
- 1833-34
- 1840-41
- 1851-52
- 1853-54
- 1861-62
- 1869-70
Note: If your students have access to multiple computers, you can divide students into small groups and ask each group to explore one of the following Winter Counts: Flame, Lone Dog Swan. Ask each group to explore the Winter Count image for each of the years listed above.
- Feel free to explore some of the other Winter Count images with your students.
Note: Many Winter Count images feature scenes that depict death and tragic incidents. Please explore the images before presenting them to the class to make sure that they are images which you feel comfortable sharing with your students.
- After you and your students have finished exploring the Winter Counts, ask your students to discuss some of the things they noticed about the Winter Count images. (Possible points to discuss: Many of the important events related in some way to the natural environment—stars, the sun, buffalo, etc. In the three Winter Counts that we looked at, the images for a specific year were often very similar.)
Part II: Learning Activity 1
- Remind your students that so far in this lesson they have explored the past through pictures and drawings. Ask them to list some other ways that we can find out about people from the past. (Books, old objects, documents, word of mouth, video segments, etc.)
- Explain that sometimes, the only way we might learn about our ancestors is from the stories that we hear from our family. If we are lucky we can also, sometimes, find photographs, articles or other written information that provides us with more information about the lives of our ancestors. Poet Elizabeth Alexander’s grandfather came over to the United States from Jamaica. The only thing that her grandfather had told Elizabeth about his journey to America was that he had come on a “banana boat,” but he didn’t tell her much more than that. Explain that you are now going to show a video segment where Elizabeth learns out more about how her grandfather came to the U.S. Provide a media focus by asking students to find out what she learned.
- Play Journey from Jamaica . After showing the segment, ask students what Elizabeth learned. (She learned that her grandfather traveled first class, paid for the fare himself and traveled on the ship the Turrialba, which was built by the United Fruit Company.)
- Ask students how Elizabeth reacted to hearing that news. (She was very interested in hearing how her grandfather came to the U.S., but also wished she could ask him some more questions about his journey from Jamaica.)
- Explain that, although the information that Dr. Henry Louis Gates found for Elizabeth at Ellis Island helped answer some questions about Elizabeth’s grandfather, it also made her think of new questions she wanted to ask him.
Part III: Learning Activity 2: (Optional)
- Explain to students that different cultures have different ways of passing down information about their past to their children and grandchildren. In Chinese tradition, families created books with photographs, stories, poems and information about their family members. Many of these books have been destroyed or lost over time. Tell your students that in the final video segment you are going to show them, Dr. Henry Louis Gates travels to China to find out more about the family history of cellist Yo-Yo Ma. Dr. Gates meets with two men (a professor and a distant cousin of Yo-Yo Ma) who show him a book, started in 1723, containing information about Yo-Yo Ma’s ancestors. Provide your students with a media focus by asking them how the Ma family book was kept safe over the years.
- Play Ma Family History . After the segment, ask students how the book was kept safe over the years. (It was buried in the wall.) Ask students how Yo-Yo Ma reacted when Dr. Gates gave him the book. (He was very happy and thankful to have all of this information about his family.) Ask students what Yo-Yo Ma learned that he didn’t know before. (He learned that his 4th great uncle, Gi Sung is the person who named Yo-Yo Ma and the next 30 generations of the family.)
- Ask students to brainstorm ideas on how they could keep information about their lives for many years to come. (They could create a scrapbook or a photo album; they could keep important items in a safe place, etc.)
- Encourage students to make something to help keep pictures, drawing, letters, articles and/or other information about them and their families. Ask students to make one of the following projects to preserve important events in their own lives:
- a journal
- a scrapbook or photo album
- a website
Note: You and your students could create one journal, scrapbook, photo album or website for the entire class. You and your students could work together to chronicle important events that happen throughout the school year.
Part IV: Culminating Activity
- Remind students about the Lakota Winter Counts that you looked at earlier, which contained drawings to let people of future generations know about important events that happened during the year.
- Let your students know that they will now be able to create their own drawings to keep track of important things that happen during the week.
- Distribute one My Week in Drawings Organizer to each student. Encourage students to create one drawing per day, starting with a drawing about something that happened today. Ask students to think about the events of the day and to pick one which they would like to describe through a drawing.
- After students have created their first drawings, ask for volunteers to describe their works to the group.
- After students have completed one week of drawings, encourage students to discuss their images with the class.
- Feel free to distribute more sheets to encourage students to continue to create one drawing each day, as desired.
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Standards
